From System to organ to tissue to cell

Earlier on in term 3, we learned about cells. Then, we learned about how cells links to tissues to organs and lastly, systems.

The link:
Systems include digestive system, reproductive system, nervous system, circulatory system, respiratory system, muscular system, skeletal system. In each system, it consists of many organs. For example, the digestive system consists of the small intestine, stomach, large intestine, etc. Then in each organ, it consists of many tissues. For example, the small intestine consists of many epithelial tissues. In each tissue, it consists of many cells. For example, in the epithelial tissue, it consists of simple columnar epithelium cells. This is the link between systems, organs, tissues, cells.

Example:
I created a mindmap on prezi. It only consists of a few examples which I managed to try to find. There is a link below for you to visit it. Once you reach there, you can zoom in to see more by scrolling your mouse up or by manually clicking the "plus" sign on the right of the prezi screen.

My prezi on cells

:D :D :D :D

Term 2 Reflections

Today, I will be talking and recapping about what I have been taught during science lessons in term 2.
Basically, we were taught on "Kinetic particle theory" and "Elements and Compounds and Mixtures".

For Kinetic Particle theory, we learnt about the properties of solids, liquids and gases. Also, we learnt how to describe and explain in a scientific way how solids/liquids/gases change their state. It has to do with their packing, arrangement and surrounding temperatures.

Below is a link to a youtube video related to Kinetic particle theory. It teaches us about solids, liquids and gases and their individual properties:

Solids/liquid/gas video (CLICK!)

For elements, compounds and mixtures, I already gave most of the information on one of the posts below as I did an ace project on this subject. We learnt that compounds are a substance containing two or more elements chemically joined together. For example, Water.
We learnt that mixtures contains two or more substances which are not chemically joined together. For example, air. I have also learnt from my science teacher that elements are things that cannot be broken down into two or more parts by chemical methods.
There are many different elements in this universe.

So, to end off, I will give you a youtube video link. The video is a song of elements. It may be able to help us to memorise the elements.

Song of elements(CLICK!)

Written by : Ethan

Term 1 Reflection

Today, I am going to talk about what I have learnt in term 1 science.

It was my first term learning science in secondary school and the first few lessons were mostly about the science lab's equipment. We were taught and introduced to safety precautions and lab equipment. The first experiment we did was an experiment which needed a bunsen burner. Our teacher then told us that we needed to wear safety goggles when burning something and also to close the air hole of the bunsen burner when we were lighting it to prevent a "strike back", which happened to a few of my friends. Luckily, they were not injured.

Another lab lesson, we were told to observe the science lab and draw a rough sketch of it. I felt that this was useful as we should know the surroundings and where all the equipment are kept in a lab that we were going to use for at least one year.

This is a picture of our lab:
Picture of lab(CLICK!)

This is a video of how to light a bunsen burner safely:
Bunsen Burner(CLICK!)

Thats all for now.
Bye.

Written by: Ethan Teo

Elements, Compounds, Mixtures

Hello everyone. Today, I am going to update you guys on my science ace assignment for term 3. I did a study on elements, compounds and mixtures and I will now share what I have researched with all of you.

First of all,

What is an ELEMENT???

• A substance than cannot be broken down into two or more substances by chemical methods
  

• Example: Helium, Oxygen, Iron, Copper, Iodine, etc.

So now that you know what an element is, I will show you something called the "Periodic table" where all elements are classified there.

How the periodic table is organised:

You might think that the elements in the table above are put in random. Actually, there are placed according to their properties. There are TWO main groups: Metals and non metals.
Each vertical coloumn is called a group while each horizontal row is called a period. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties

Group properties in the periodic table:

• Group 1 elements are also called "The Alkali Metals". Elements in this group are the most reactive metals in the periodic table. The elements are also shiny, silvery solids and are all easily cut with a knife. They have low densities and melting points too. Examples of them would be : Lithium and rubidium.
  
• Group VII Elements are also called "The Halogens". It is a group of similar non metals that are reactive with most metals to form salts. They have low melting points and boiling points. Examples of them would be fluorine and chlorine.
  
• Group 0 elements are also called "The Noble Gases. Elements in this group are the least reactive elements in the periodic table and are all colourless gases which have very low melting and boiling points.
  

Facts about elements:

1)There are 116 known elements up to date, 92 found on earth and 24 made by scientists.
2)Symbols for elements usually have letters from their english names.
3)The most abundant element on earth is oxygen.

What are ELEMENTS MADE UP OF???

They are made up of Atoms and Molecules.
*Atoms are the smallest unit of an element and has the properties of the element
**Molecules are a group of two or more atoms that are chemically joined together

Examples of elements (METALS):
Aluminium:
Symbol: Al
Atomic Number: 13
Physical state: Solid
Uses: Cooking foil, drink cans, aeroplane parts
9% of all elements
not soluble in water under normal conditions
Most abundant metal in earth’s crust
3rd most abundant metal in earth
low density
soft, durable & malleable metal

Calcium:
Symbol: Ca
Physical state: Solid
Atomic number: 20
5th most abundant element in Earth’s crust
Essential for living organisms
Used in mineralisation of bones and shells
Most abundant metal in animals
3% of all elements
Group: 2
Density: roughly 1.55 g cm-3
Melting point: 1548 F=842 degrees celcius

Copper:
Symbol: Cu
Physical state: solid
Atomic number: 29
Ductile metal
Very high heat and electrical conductivity
Group: 11
Uses: wires, coins, switches, pots, pans, window, door frames, pipes, building material
Pure copper is soft and malleable

Iron :
Symbol: Fe
Physical state: solid
Atomic number: 26
4 % of all elements in earth’s crust
Group: 8
Period:4
4th most common element in the Earth’s crust
Used to make cutlery
Boiling point: 5182 F
Melting point: 2800 F

Magnesium :
Symbol: Mg
Physical state: Solid
Atomic number: 12
2% of all elements in the earth’s crust
8th most abundant element in earth’s crust
High solubility in water
11th most abundant element in a human body
Strong, silvery white, light weight metal
Highly flammable
Used to make milk of magnesia, which is used to relieve acid indigestion
Used for fireworks and distress flares

Mercury :
Symbol: Hg
Physical state: liquid
Atomic number: 80
One of five metallic chemical elements that are liquid at room temperature
Melting point: -38.83 degrees celcius
Boiling point: 356.73 degrees celcius
Uses: fluorescent lamps, thermometers, dental fillings, barometers, manometers
Heavy silvery white metal
Poor conductor of heat (compared to other metals)

Potassium :
Symbol: K
Physical state: solid
Atomic number: 19
2% of all elements in earth’s crust
Soft, silvery white metal
Very reactive with water
Found dissolved in seawater
7th most abundant element in earth’s crust
Boiling point: 1398 F
Melting point: 146.08 F
2nd least dense metal

Sodium
Symbol: Na
Physical state: solid
Atomic number: 11
3% of elements in earth’s crust
Soft, silvery white metal
Group: 1
Essential element for all animal life & for some plants species
At room temperature, it is soft to be cut with a knife
Reacts exothermically (a chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of heat) with water

Zinc:
Symbol: Zn
Physical state: solid
Atomic number: 30
Group: 12
24th most abundant element in the earth’s crust
Essential mineral
Bluish white metal
Less dense than iron and has a crystal structure
Hard and britte but becomes malleable between 100 to 150 degrees celcius
0.0075% of elements in earth’s crust

Examples of ElEMENTS (NON METALS):

Argon
Symbol: Ar
Physical state: gas
Atomic number:18
Group:18
3rd most common gas in earth’s atmosphere
Approximately the same solubility in water as oxygen
Coulourless, odourless

Bromine
Symbol: Br
Physical state: liquid
Atomic number: 35
Group: 17
Only non metallic element that is a liquid at room temperature
Melting point: -7.2 degrees Celsius
A dense, slightly transparent liquid
Evaporates easily at a specific temperature
Reacts vigorously with metals

Carbon
Symbol: C
Physical state: Solid
Atomic number: 6
18.5% of all elements in human body
Uses: pencil leads, fuel, constitutes living tissues
Group: 14
Highest melting and sublimation point of all elements
Period: 2
15th most abundant element in earth’s crust
3th most abundant element in the universe by mass

Chlorine
Symbol: Cl
Physical state: gas
Atomic number: 17
Used in bleaches for our clothes
Group: 17
Pure chlorine supports combustion of oranic compounds
Melting point: -150.7 F
Boiling point: -29.27 F

What is a compound???

"A compound is a substance containing two or more elements chemically joined together".

Fact #1 about compounds: Properties of compounds are different from the properties of their constituent elements
Fact #2: Compounds are made up of molecules and ions

Example of compounds: 1) Water
2) Calcium carbonate
3) Sucrose

Mixtures:

"Consists of two or more substances that are not chemically joined together"
Fact #1: It can consist of elements, compounds or both
Fact #2: Substances in a mixture can be solid, liquid or gas
Examples of mixutres: Brass, Seawater, Air

Last but not least, VIDEOS! ENJOY>>>

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFIvXVMbII0 (Copy & Paste this url)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A5H6DVe5FAI (Copy & Paste this url)

Acknowledgments:
1) School textbooks
2) Wikipedia
3) Ehow
4) Google images
5) Chemistry books from library
6) YOUTUBE

Written by: Ethan Teo